NORTHWEST LIME COMPANY

Benefits of Using Lime
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Why Lime?

Limestone (calcium carbonate) is a naturally occurring nutrient vital for healthy soil in rainy zones of western Washington. Whether you own a large farm or a small lawn, lime can play a big part in higher crop yeilds and lush, green grass.

  • Raises pH, reducing acidity
  • Increases efficiency of fertilizers
  • Helps aerate soil by boosting microorganisms
  • Stabilizes soil aggregates to slow erosion
  • Encourages activity of soil bacteria, releasing valuable nutrients from organic components in the soil

What is Lime?

Common liming agents can be divided into two major types--calcitic and colomitic. Although there are many other materials available, we will be focusing on the value of calcitic limestone flour, commonly called Aglime. Dolomite is the name of limestone containing Magnesium Carbonate in combination with Calcium Carbonate. By definition it must contain a minimum of 30% MgCO3. The primary reason for using a dolomitic liming material is to provide Magnesium for plant uptake. Dolomitic limes are also much slower to breakdown thereby providing a slow pH rise for crops that may be adversely affected by a quick change in pH (such as Blueberries).
 
Calcitic limestone flour is rated by the percentage of CaCO3 contained in the naturally occurring limestone rock that is ground into a fine powder, or flour. Most of the limestone used in Western Washington is quarried on Texada Island in Brittish Colombia, Canada. We are fortunate to have large reserves of high quality limestone (97% CaCO3) in close proximity to our growing region. In order for limestone to be useful for agricultural purposes, it must have large surface areas exposed, hence the advantage of finely ground limestone flour.

When is Lime Needed?

The Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) is a measure of the quantity of cations that can be absorbed or held by a soil. Clay particles and soil organic matter have a negative charge. This means that cations or positively charged ions can be attracted to and held on the surface of these soil materials. A mineral soil with a high CEC tends to be more fertile than that with a lower CEC. The nutrients are less likely to be leached and the soil has a greater ability to store and supply nutrients to the plants. The cations of greatest significance are calcium, magnesium, potassium, ammonium, sodium, and hydrogen. The first four are important plant nutrients, the last two have a pronounced effect on soil chemistry and physical characteristics. Acid soils have a high percentage of absorbed hydrogen ions while soils with a favorable pH have a high percentage of absorbed calcium ions. Soils that are high in sodium ions are dispersed and resist the infiltration of water while those with a high percentage of calcium ions are well aggregated and have high infiltration rates. Calcium ions will displace sodium ions on the surface of the soil particles.

 

A pH test is used to determine if lime is needed, however a lime requirement is needed to determine how much lime to apply. A complete soil test is recommended to include pH, buffered pH, lime requirement and nutrient levels in the soil. A buffered pH test uses a solution of soluble calcium in the water used to prepare the soil sample for the pH test, generally a one to one mixture of soil and distilled water. The change in pH from the sample with distilled water only versus the sample prepared with the buffered solution will indicate the change that can be expected with the addition of lime to the soil. A large change upward with the buffered solution will indicate a small amount of lime is needed to raise the pH, while a slight change or downward change will indicate a larger amount of lime will be needed. In addition, the small amount of calcium present in the soil should be noted.

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"It is said that the 100 most learned scientists in the world would include liming of the soil in the top 10 priority list of things man must do to continue life on Earth."

--Nuratek Enterprises Inc., Canada

What does Lime Accomplish?

Calcitic limestone flour fulfills five major functions in the soil.
  1. Increases pH. Soil pH is a measure of the number of hydrogen ions in the soil solution and it is expressed as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. Soil pH controls the rate of chemical reactions and the activity of soil microorganisms. It is a logarithmic scale from 1 to 14, with 7 being neutral. As the number of hydrogen ions increases, the pH decreases. A pH of 7 will have a hydrogen ion concentration 100 times less than a soil with a pH of 5. The addition of lime to the soil will increase the number of hydroxyl ions thereby raising the soil pH. The significance of a proper pH is the solubility of nutrients (most plant nutrients are readily available in a pH range of 6 to 7) and the activity of microorganisms, which control the breakdown of organic matter and most chemical transformations in the soil. An example is phosphorus availability. Phosphorus is available most at a soil pH of 6.5; decreasing pH to 5.5 reduces phosphorus availability by 50%! Low soil pH suppresses the activity of nitrogen fixing bacteria. Also, many disease-causing fungi are more active in low pH soils.

  2. Supplies Calcium ions for absorption by plants. It is an essential part of cell wall structure and must be present for the formation of new cells. Young tissue is affected first under conditions of deficiency.

  3. Reduces availability of aluminum and iron. At a pH below 5.5 these elements become more soluble and can be toxic to plant roots.

  4. The addition of limestone, through several processes, stabilizes soil aggregates and renders the soil more resistant to erosion. In addition soluble calcium displaces sodium ions (salt) thus allowing the sodium to be leached out of the soil solution through the drainage system.

  5. Improves performance of some soil-applied pesticides. Most pesticides are labeled for specific soil conditions. If the soil pH is outside the specified range, the pesticide may become ineffective, changed to an undesired form, or may not degrade as expected, which may cause problems for the next crop.

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